The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) typically involves a combination of medical history, neurological exams, and imaging tests. There is no one specific test that can diagnose MS on its own.
However, the first step in diagnosing MS usually involves a neurological exam by a healthcare professional, which may include tests of strength, reflexes, coordination, and sensation. The healthcare professional may also ask about any symptoms that you may be experiencing, such as numbness, tingling, or vision problems.
If MS is suspected based on the neurological exam and medical history, the healthcare professional may order an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan to look for lesions (areas of damage) in the brain and spinal cord. Additionally, a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) may be done to test the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for signs of inflammation, which can be a clue to the presence of MS.
Ultimately, a diagnosis of MS is based on the presence of characteristic symptoms, evidence of damage in at least two separate areas of the central nervous system, and the exclusion of other possible causes of the symptoms.
